In 1622, in Frankfurt, Galileo's Apology appears written by Tommaso Campanella in 1616. An advocate quite unreliable, as Campanella and is convinced of heresy.
On August 6, 1622, Cardinal Matteo Barberini is elected pope under the name of Urban VIII. On February 3, 1623 Galileo received permission to publish his Saggiatore who dedicates the new pope. The work is published on 20 October 1623. Thanks to the qualities controversial (and literary) of the work, success is assured at the time. There remains only a few months there in an atmosphere of cultural ferment, Galileo somehow becomes the representative of the circles Roman intellectuals in revolt against the intellectual and scientific conformity imposed by the Jesuits.
The following years were fairly quiet for Galileo despite attacks by Aristotle. Take the opportunity to perfect his compound microscope (September 1624) she spent a month in Rome where he received numerous times by Urban VIII. The latter gives you the idea for his next book Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, a work that presents an impartial manner while the Aristotelian system and the Copernican system. He instructs Galileo to write.
In 1626, Galileo continued his research on the structure of the magnet. Also visited by Élie Dodati, to take copies of their manuscripts to Paris. In March 1628, Galileo fell seriously ill and is about to die.
The following year, his opponents try to deprive him of the allocation it receives from the University of Pisa, but the maneuver fails. Until 1631
Galileo devotes his time to writing the dialogue and try to have it accepted by the censors. The work is printed in February 1632. Galileo's eyes begin to betray him in March and April. Walloon theologian positions Libert.
February 21, 1632, Galileo, protected by Pope Urban VIII and the Grand Duke of Tuscany Ferdinand II de 'Medici, published in Florence his dialogue of the Massimi sistemi (Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems) (Dialogo sopra i due Massimi Sistemi del mondo), which implicitly mocks the Ptolemaic geocentric. Dialogue is both a revolution and a scandal. The book is openly pro-Copernican effect, boldly ridiculed Ban 1616 (which will not be lifted until 1812, to verify).
The dialogue takes place in Venice for four days from three partners: Filipo Salviati, a Florentine follower of Copernicus, Giovan Francesco Sagredo, a Venetian illustrated without bias, and Simplicio, a mediocre defender of Aristotelian physics, a character in which Urban VIII could be (maybe) recognized. But while it ostensibly criticizes the pejorative name, Galileo replies that it is Simplicius of Cilicia.
Pope then quickly aligned himself with the view of opponents of Galileo: he had asked for an objective presentation of the two theories, not a plea for Copernicus. Galileo is then called again by the Holy Office, October 1, 1632. Sick, can not come to Rome until February 1633. The interrogations continued to the June 21 where the threat of torture is evoked on the orders of pope gave Galileo.
On June 22, 1633, in the Dominican convent of Santa Maria, issued the statement: Galileo is sentenced to life in prison (sentence commuted immediately residence life by Urban VIII) and his work is prohibited. He also pronounced the formula of abjuration which the Holy Office had prepared. We note in passing that Galileo never uttered the famous "And yet it moves" (Eppur si muove).
The text of the statement is spread everywhere: in Rome on July 2, Aug. 12 in Florence. The news came to Germany in late August in Belgium in September. The decrees of the Holy Office not ever published in France but prudently, René Descartes waiver of the publication of the World. Many
(Including Descartes), at the time, believe that Galileo was the victim of a conspiracy of the Jesuits who thus avenged the insult suffered by the Saggiatore Horazio Grassi.
Galileo remains confined to his residence at his home in Florence from December 1633 to 1638. There he received several visits, which allowed him some of his works currently being drafted could cross the border. These books appeared in Strasbourg and Paris in Latin translation in 1636, Luis Elzevier get a sketch of the Discourses on Two New Sciences of the Florentine master. This is the last book you write Galileo, it provides the fundamentals of mechanical While science and thus marks the end of Aristotelian physics. Try also lay the foundation for the strength of materials, with less success. End this book is right, since July 4, 1637 loses the use of his right eye.
On January 2, 1638, Galileo finally lost sight. Fortunately, Dino Peri has received permission to live in the house of Galileo to assist with Father Ambrogetti to take note of the sixth and final part of the Discourses. This part will not appear until 1718. The entire work will appear in July 1638 in Leiden (Netherlands) and Paris. Will be read by the greatest personalities of the time. Descartes send such comments to Mersenne, the Parisian publisher.
Galileo, meanwhile, has received authorization to settle near the sea, at his home in San Giorgio. Remain there until his death, surrounded by his disciples (Viviani, Torricelli, Peri, etc.) Worked in astronomy and other sciences. In late 1641, Galileo tries to apply the swing of the pendulum to clock mechanisms.
few days later, on January 8, 1642, Galileo died in Arcetri at the age of 78. His body is buried in Florence on 9 January. A shrine will be erected in his honor on March 13, 1736 at the Church of the Holy Cross in Florence.
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